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The Cuban War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia cubana), also known in Cuba as the Necessary War (Spanish: Guerra Necesaria), [5] fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) [6] and the Little War (1879–1880).
There have been numerous memorials to the war in Cuba, including sites preserved by engineers right after the war and numerous monuments that have been preserved by Cuba to this day, although few Americans have been able to visit since U.S. banned travel to Cuba in 1963. [1] Monument to Victims of the Maine , Havana, inaugurated March 8, 1925.
From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting for independence from Spain was by guerrilla forces in the tierra caliente (hot country) of southern Mexico and to a certain extent in northern New Spain. In 1816, Francisco Javier Mina , a Spanish military leader who had fought against Ferdinand VII , joined the independence movement.
This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War .
Culturally, a new wave called the Generation of '98 originated as a response to this trauma, marking a renaissance in Spanish culture. Economically, the war benefited Spain, because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain.
Al-Mansur withdrew from Spain and focused on consolidating its authority in Persia. Abd al-Rahman I (grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ) became an independent emir of Córdoba and reached the first unification of Al-Andalus ( Toledo , Zaragoza , Pamplona , Barcelona ), including parts of western Maghreb .
José Martí died fighting in the battle of Dos Ríos (near Palma Soriano).He was leading a group of rebels against the Spanish royalist army in the first skirmish in Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain (see History of Cuba).
Ten Years' War (1868–1878) Cuban Liberation Army Spain: Defeat. Pact of Zanjón; Little War (1879–1880) Cuban Liberation Army Spain: Defeat. Rebel defeat; Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898) Cuban Liberation Army United States Spain: Victory. Cuban independence from Spain; Cuban Pacification (1906) Conservatives: Liberals: Liberal victory