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J g is mass current density or mass flux, with SI unit kg⋅m −2 ⋅s −1; J is electric current density; G is the gravitational constant; ε 0 is the vacuum permittivity; c is both the speed of propagation of gravity and the speed of light.
The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
Abraham concluded that Hasenöhrl's formula of the apparent mass of radiation is not correct, and on the basis of his definition of electromagnetic momentum and longitudinal electromagnetic mass Abraham changed it to = /, the same value for the electromagnetic mass for a body at rest. Hasenöhrl recalculated his own derivation and verified ...
The total electric charge Q enclosed in Ω is the volume integral over Ω of the charge density ρ (see the "macroscopic formulation" section below): = , where dV is the volume element. The net magnetic flux Φ B is the surface integral of the magnetic field B passing through a fixed surface, Σ : Φ B = ∬ Σ B ⋅ d S , {\displaystyle \Phi ...
For points inside a spherically symmetric distribution of matter, Newton's shell theorem can be used to find the gravitational force. The theorem tells us how different parts of the mass distribution affect the gravitational force measured at a point located a distance r 0 from the center of the mass distribution: [13]
Lorentz force acting on fast-moving charged particles in a bubble chamber.Positive and negative charge trajectories curve in opposite directions. In physics, specifically in electromagnetism, the Lorentz force law is the combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields.
Gravitation is the attraction between objects that have mass. Newton's law states: The gravitational attraction force between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation distance. The force is always attractive and acts along the line joining them.
The backward acting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back. Hence, as the resultant of the two forces, there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate. We will call this resultant 'radiation friction' in brief."