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  2. pandas (software) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandas_(software)

    However, if data is a DataFrame, then data['a'] returns all values in the column(s) named a. To avoid this ambiguity, Pandas supports the syntax data.loc['a'] as an alternative way to filter using the index. Pandas also supports the syntax data.iloc[n], which always takes an integer n and returns the nth value, counting from 0. This allows a ...

  3. List of common coordinate transformations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_coordinate...

    This means that the inverse function will only give values in the domain of the function, but restricted to a single period. Hence, the range of the inverse function is only half a full circle. Note that one can also use r = x 2 + y 2 θ ′ = 2 arctan ⁡ y x + r {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r&={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\\\theta '&=2\arctan ...

  4. Determining the number of clusters in a data set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determining_the_number_of...

    Each of the parts is then set aside at turn as a test set, a clustering model computed on the other v − 1 training sets, and the value of the objective function (for example, the sum of the squared distances to the centroids for k-means) calculated for the test set. These v values are calculated and averaged for each alternative number of ...

  5. Range of a function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_a_function

    Sometimes "range" refers to the image and sometimes to the codomain. In mathematics, the range of a function may refer to either of two closely related concepts: the codomain of the function, or; the image of the function. In some cases the codomain and the image of a function are the same set; such a function is called surjective or onto.

  6. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearman's_rank_correlation...

    Python has many different implementations of the spearman correlation statistic: it can be computed with the spearmanr function of the scipy.stats module, as well as with the DataFrame.corr(method='spearman') method from the pandas library, and the corr(x, y, method='spearman') function from the statistical package pingouin.

  7. This cozy shawl is so giftable, and it's down to $20: A ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/this-cozy-shawl-is-so-gif...

    What reviewers say 💬. More than 1,700 five-star fans are already feeling snug as a bug under this shawl. Pro 👍 "I am 5'7" and 240 — used to weigh half this — and I swear this makes me ...

  8. Set-valued function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-valued_function

    A set-valued function, also called a correspondence or set-valued relation, is a mathematical function that maps elements from one set, the domain of the function, to subsets of another set. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Set-valued functions are used in a variety of mathematical fields, including optimization , control theory and game theory .

  9. Target Shares Plunge on Its Holiday Outlook. Should Investors ...

    www.aol.com/target-shares-plunge-holiday-outlook...

    Looking ahead, Target slashed its full-year earnings guidance, taking it to a range of $8.30 to $8.90 per share from a prior outlook of $9 to $9.70. That comes a quarter after the company raised ...