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The stone that is poured in takes the place of the soil and keeps up the pressure on the soil that was created by the vibrating probe. The stone consists of crushed coarse aggregates of various sizes. The ratio in which the stones of different sizes will be mixed is decided by design criteria.
[4] [5] In the case of free-standing columns, the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a finial. Modern columns may be constructed out of steel, poured or precast concrete, or brick, left bare or clad in an architectural covering, or veneer. Used to support an arch, an impost, or pier, is the topmost member of a column. The bottom ...
In European architectural sculpture, an atlas (also known as an atlant, or atlante [1] or atlantid; plural atlantes) [2] is a support sculpted in the form of a man, which may take the place of a column, a pier or a pilaster.
Fluted columns are common in the tradition of classical architecture but were not invented by the ancient Greeks, but rather passed down or learned from the Mycenaeans or the Egyptians. [2] Especially in stone architecture, fluting distinguishes the column shafts and pilasters visually from plain masonry walls behind. [3]
The Romanesque Church of Santa Maria Maggiore at Tuscania, Italy, has a recessed entrance flanked by a pair of free-standing stone columns intended to evoke Boaz and Jachin. [7] Similar pillars intended to represent Boaz and Jachin also exist in Würzburg Cathedral (Germany) and Dalby Church (Sweden). [ 8 ]
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The lintel is a structural element that is usually rested on stone pillars or stacked stone columns, over a portal or entranceway. A lintel may support the chimney above a fireplace, or span the distance of a path or road, forming a stone lintel bridge.
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