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  2. Difference of two squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_of_two_squares

    The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof holds in any commutative ring. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b, then R is commutative. To see this, apply the distributive law to ...

  3. Sophie Germain's identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain's_identity

    In mathematics, Sophie Germain's identity is a polynomial factorization named after Sophie Germain stating that + = ((+) +) (() +) = (+ +) (+). Beyond its use in elementary algebra, it can also be used in number theory to factorize integers of the special form +, and it frequently forms the basis of problems in mathematics competitions.

  4. Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_theorem_on_sums_of...

    Since the Diophantus identity implies that the product of two integers each of which can be written as the sum of two squares is itself expressible as the sum of two squares, by applying Fermat's theorem to the prime factorization of any positive integer n, we see that if all the prime factors of n congruent to 3 modulo 4 occur to an even ...

  5. Factorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization

    The polynomial x 2 + cx + d, where a + b = c and ab = d, can be factorized into (x + a)(x + b).. In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind.

  6. Fermat's factorization method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_factorization_method

    Fermat's factorization method, named after Pierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of an odd integer as the difference of two squares: N = a 2 − b 2 . {\displaystyle N=a^{2}-b^{2}.} That difference is algebraically factorable as ( a + b ) ( a − b ) {\displaystyle (a+b)(a-b)} ; if neither factor equals one, it is a proper ...

  7. Factorization of polynomials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization_of_polynomials

    This factorization is also unique up to the choice of a sign. For example, + + + = + + + is a factorization into content and primitive part. Gauss proved that the product of two primitive polynomials is also primitive (Gauss's lemma). This implies that a primitive polynomial is irreducible over the rationals if and only if it is irreducible ...

  8. Identity (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(mathematics)

    Visual proof of the Pythagorean identity: for any angle , the point (,) = (⁡, ⁡) lies on the unit circle, which satisfies the equation + =.Thus, ⁡ + ⁡ =. In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables ...

  9. Algebraic-group factorisation algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic-group...

    Algebraic-group factorisation algorithms are algorithms for factoring an integer N by working in an algebraic group defined modulo N whose group structure is the direct sum of the 'reduced groups' obtained by performing the equations defining the group arithmetic modulo the unknown prime factors p 1, p 2, ...