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PAHs (according to EPA 610) in the exhaust gas of rotary kilns usually appear at a distribution dominated by naphthalene, which accounts for a share of more than 90% by mass. The rotary kiln systems of the cement industry destroy virtually completely the PAHs input via fuels. Emissions are generated from organic constituents in the raw material.
The rotary kiln was invented in 1873 by Frederick Ransome. [1] He filed several patents in 1885-1887, but his experiments with the idea were not a commercial success. Nevertheless, his designs provided the basis for successful kilns in the US from 1891, subsequently emulated worldwide.
In 1893, the company exhibited at the World's Fair in Chicago. 1898 saw the design and manufacture of the first rotary cement kiln in Europe. This was followed in 1912 by the construction of the Jesarbruch plant near Nienburg (Saale) for the Sächsisch-Thüringische Portland-Cement-Fabrik Prüssing & Co. KGaA.
This became a specification for portland cement. The next development in the manufacture of portland cement was the introduction of the rotary kiln, patented by Frederick Ransome in 1885 (U.K.) and 1886 (U.S.); which allowed a stronger, more homogeneous mixture and a continuous manufacturing process. [3]
The Japanese noborigama kiln is an evolution from anagama design as a multi-chamber kiln where wood is stacked from the front firebox at first, then only through the side-stoking holes with the benefit of having air heated up to 600 °C (1,100 °F) from the front firebox, enabling more efficient firings.
The first kiln at the Coplay Cement Company was a dome kiln. Dome kilns were inefficient; they had to shut down often. In 1893 Coplay Cement built Mill B, containing the Schoefer kilns standing today. Originally enclosed in a large building, Schoefer kilns could run continuously. Soon, however, the even more efficient rotary kilns came into use.
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Chromium present in the cement as Cr[III] is of no consequence. Mn 2 O 3 is not deleterious, acting as a substitute for iron. But it contributes more color to the cement than iron, and high-Mn 2 O 3 cements (>1%) are almost black. ZnO is encountered in some rawmix additives (as well as tires used as kiln fuel). At levels above 0.2%, it causes ...