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Warm glass or kiln-formed glass is the working of glass, usually for artistic purposes, by heating it in a kiln. The processes used depend on the temperature reached and range from fusing and slumping to casting. "Warm glass" is in contrast to the many cold-working glass processes, such as leaded glass.
Annealing is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed, to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture. Especially for smaller, simpler objects, annealing may be incidental to the process of manufacture, but in larger or more complex products it commonly demands a special process of annealing in a temperature-controlled kiln known as a lehr. [1]
Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. The technique has been used since the 15th century BCE in both Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Modern cast glass is formed by a variety of processes such as kiln casting or casting into sand, graphite or metal moulds.
A latticello is a complicated design where the glass artist uses a latticino to create a reticello like pattern. Although the latticino and the reticello are both classic Italian techniques, the latticello is a modern-day twist on classic design. Lehr – a specialized, temperature-controlled kiln for annealing glass. [5]
Fused and kiln-formed glass sculpture. Glass fusing is the joining together of pieces of glass at high temperature, usually in a kiln. [1] [2] This is usually done roughly between 700 °C (1,292 °F) and 820 °C (1,510 °F), [3] [4] and can range from tack fusing at lower temperatures, in which separate pieces of glass stick together but still retain their individual shapes, [5] to full fusing ...
Soda-lime glass is the traditional mix used in blown furnace glass, and lampworking glass rods were originally hand-drawn from the furnace and allowed to cool for use by lampworkers. Today soda-lime, or "soft" glass is manufactured globally, including Italy, Germany , Czech Republic , China and America .
The process of hot glass is highly scientific in that the types of glass and temperatures that they must be fired at is quite complicated operation to undertake correctly. Art glass that is kiln formed usually take the form of dishes, plates or tiles. Glass that is fused in a kiln must be of the same co-efficient of expansion (CoE). If glass ...
Biscuit kiln: The first firing would take place in the biscuit kiln. Glost kiln: The biscuit-ware was glazed and given a second glost firing in glost kilns. Mantou kiln of north China, smaller and more compact than the dragon kiln; Muffle kiln: This was used to fire over-glaze decoration, at a temperature under 800 °C (1,500 °F). In these ...
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