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In the late thirteenth and fourteenth century, heresy was considered as evidence of the struggle with the devil, with the "dangers" of witchcraft voiced by the papacy in Avignon. [25] Pope John XXII listed witchcraft as heresy in his bull Super illius specula. Kyteler's was one of the first European witchcraft trials and followed closely on the ...
Despite magic being viewed as common during most of the Middle Ages in Europe, [28] witchcraft in the 14th century was almost synonymous with heresy [29] and was often legally documented close after sections on bestiality and heathen sacrifice, [15] thereby linking witchcraft with dark, taboo, and sexual topics.
Witches still go to cross-roads and to heathen burials with their delusive magic and call to the devil; and he comes to them in the likeness of the man that is buried there, as if he arises from death. [42] Merlin is said to have been born from the relationship of an incubus with a mortal (illumination from a 13th century French manuscript)
The manuals of the Roman Catholic Inquisition remained highly skeptical of witch accusations, although there was sometimes an overlap between accusations of heresy and of witchcraft, particularly when, in the 13th century, the newly formed Inquisition was commissioned to deal with the Cathars of Southern France, whose teachings were charged ...
A feminist interpretation of the witch trials is that misogynist views led to the association of women and malevolent witchcraft. [152] Russia also experienced its own iteration of witchcraft trials during the 17th century. Witches were often accused of sorcery and engaging in supernatural activities, leading to their excommunication and
The Norwegian law (Landsloven) in the 13th-century for magic, if it resulted in someone's death or injury, was the death penalty.However, no execution for sorcery is known in Norway prior to the 16th century and only one witch trial, the Ragnhild Tregagås is known from 1325.
This attests to the degree of mania and insanity present in such witch trials. [citation needed] Illustration of witches, perhaps being tortured before James VI, from his Daemonologie (1597) After the early 17th century, popular sentiment began to turn against the practice. In 1682, King Louis XIV prohibited further witch-trials in France. In ...
Witches' Sabbath 13th-century CE portrayal of an unclean spirit. In folklore, the witching hour or devil's hour is a time of night that is associated with supernatural events, whereby witches, demons and ghosts are thought to appear and be at their most powerful.