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Six Hox genes are dispersed in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm. [10]: fig. 3 Hydra and Nematostella vectensis, both in the phylum Cnidaria, have a few Hox/ParaHox-like homeobox genes. [55] [11] Hox gene expression has also been studied in brachiopods, [56] annelids, [57] and a suite of molluscs. [58]
Homeobox protein Hox-C6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC6 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Hox-C6 expression is highest in the fallopian tube and ovary. [ 8 ] HoxC6 has been highly expressed in many types of cancers including prostate, breast, and esophageal squamous cell cancer.
HOXC10 is overexpressed in breast cancer and transcriptionally regulated by estrogen via involvement of histone methylases MLL3 and MLL4. [7] Methylation of the estrogen-repressed gene HOXC10 in breast cancer determines resistance to aromatase inhibitors. This epigenetic reprogramming of HOXC10 is observed in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. [8]
Hox genes are found in bilateral animals, including Drosophila (in which they were first discovered) and humans. Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes. The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans. In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of ...
The mir-10 genes are found within the Hox gene clusters. In mammals there are four Hox gene clusters, these contain five genes encoding miRNAs (mir-10a, mir-10b, mir-196a-1, mir-196a-2 and mir-196b). The mir-10a gene is located upstream of Hoxb4 and the mir-10b gene is located upstream of Hoxd4. [9]
The Cdx protein family is a group of the transcription factor proteins which bind to DNA to regulate the expression of genes. [1] In particular this family of proteins can regulate the Hox genes . They are regulators of embryonic development and hematopoiesis in vertebrates, and are also involved in the development of some types of ...
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes. [1]If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduce scarring and fibrosis after surgery.
HOXB6 gene is only expressed in erythroid progenitor cells, which are the precursor to red blood cells used for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. During development, the formation of the HOX gene factor happens in the first stages of fetal development , namely soon after the establishment of the mesoderm , which is the ...