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Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature [3] [4] and outer space. [5] [6] The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal.
Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes. [1] [2] [3] Research in this field is driven by the need to functionalize fullerenes and tune their properties. For example, fullerene is notoriously insoluble and adding a suitable group can enhance solubility. [1]
Endohedral fullerenes show distinct and intriguing chemical properties that can be completely different from the encapsulated atom or molecule, as well as the fullerene itself. The encapsulated atoms have been shown to perform circular motions inside the C 60 cage, and their motion has been followed using NMR spectroscopy .
Polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the C 60 monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. They are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all C 60 polymers. Fullerene can be part of a polymer chain in many different ways.
A transition metal fullerene complex is a coordination complex wherein fullerene serves as a ligand. Fullerenes are typically spheroidal carbon compounds, the most prevalent being buckminsterfullerene, C 60. [2] One year after it was prepared in milligram quantities in 1990, [3] C 60 was shown to function as a ligand in the complex [Ph 3 P] 2 ...
C 70 fullerene is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms. It is a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball, made of 25 hexagons and 12 pentagons , with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.
They found that those with 2(n+1) 2 π-electrons could display aromatic properties, as spherical molcular orbitals are filled when there are 2(n+1) 2 π-electrons for some positive integer n. For example, in buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) this happens for the species C 60 10+ , which has 50 π-electrons: 50/2 = 25, which is a perfect square .
Alternatively, endohedral hydrogen fullerenes can be produced by opening and closing a fullerene by organic chemistry methods. A recent example of endohedral fullerenes includes single molecules of water encapsulated in C 60. [10] Noble gas endofullerenes are predicted to exhibit unusual polarizability.