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  2. Cross-sectional data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_data

    In a rolling cross-section, both the presence of an individual in the sample and the time at which the individual is included in the sample are determined randomly. For example, a political poll may decide to interview 1000 individuals. It first selects these individuals randomly from the entire population.

  3. Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)

    A probability sample is a sample in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their ...

  4. Survivorship bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivorship_bias

    In finance, survivorship bias is the tendency for failed companies to be excluded from performance studies because they no longer exist. It often causes the results of studies to skew higher because only companies that were successful enough to survive until the end of the period are included.

  5. Response bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_bias

    This is one example of a type of survey that can be highly vulnerable to the effects of response bias. Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions. These biases are prevalent in research involving participant self-report, such as structured interviews or surveys ...

  6. Business analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Analysis

    Business analysis is a professional discipline [1] focused on identifying business needs and determining solutions to business problems. [2] Solutions may include a software-systems development component, process improvements, or organizational changes, and may involve extensive analysis, strategic planning and policy development.

  7. Descriptive statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_statistics

    These summaries may either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more extensive statistical analysis, or they may be sufficient in and of themselves for a particular investigation. For example, the shooting percentage in basketball is a descriptive statistic that summarizes the performance of a player or a team ...

  8. Null hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis

    A statistical significance test starts with a random sample from a population. If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, then you do not reject the null hypothesis; if the sample data are inconsistent with the null hypothesis, then you reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true. [3]

  9. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    All of those examples deal with a lurking variable, which is simply a hidden third variable that affects both of the variables observed to be correlated. That third variable is also known as a confounding variable, with the slight difference that confounding variables need not be hidden and may thus be corrected for in an analysis. Note that ...