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  2. List of rock types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_types

    The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists. There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type. Additionally, different classification systems exist for each major type of rock. [1]

  3. Folk classification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_classification

    Folk's carbonate rock classification details the relative proportions of allochems in the rock and the type of matrix. The classification scheme covers most common carbonate rocks, however the more inclusive although less precise alternative, Dunham classification, may be preferred in some instances. Folk classification consists of one or two ...

  4. List of minerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals

    This is a list of minerals which have Wikipedia articles. Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species .

  5. Rock (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

    The use of rock has had a huge impact on the cultural and technological development of the human race. Rock has been used by humans and other hominids for at least 2.5 million years. [22] Lithic technology marks some of the oldest and continuously used technologies. The mining of rock for its metal content has been one of the most important ...

  6. Sedimentary structures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_structures

    A number of biologically-created sedimentary structures exist, called trace fossils. Examples include burrows and various expressions of bioturbation. Ichnofacies are groups of trace fossils that together help give information on the depositional environment. In general, as deeper (into the sediment) burrows become more common, the shallower ...

  7. Normative mineralogy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_mineralogy

    Normative mineralogy is an estimate of the mineralogy of the rock. It usually differs from the visually observable mineralogy, at least as much as the types of mineral species, especially amongst the ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars, where it is possible to have many solid solution series of minerals, or minerals with similar Fe and Mg ratios substituting, especially with water (e.g ...

  8. Geological formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_formation

    A geological formation, or simply formation, is a body of rock having a consistent set of physical characteristics that distinguishes it from adjacent bodies of rock, and which occupies a particular position in the layers of rock exposed in a geographical region (the stratigraphic column).

  9. Seatearth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seatearth

    As noted by Jackson, [1] a seatearth is the layer of sedimentary rock underlying a coal seam. Seatearths have also been called seat earth , "seat rock", or "seat stone" in the geologic literature. Depending on its physical characteristics, a number of different names, such as underclay , fireclay, flint clay , and ganister, can be applied to a ...