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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. Syllable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable

    The first syllable of a word is the initial syllable and the last syllable is the final syllable. In languages accented on one of the last three syllables, the last syllable is called the ultima, the next-to-last is called the penult, and the third syllable from the end is called the antepenult.

  4. English phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology

    The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...

  5. Consonant cluster - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster

    Similarly, in Thai, words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only the initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word ครับ reducing from /kʰrap̚˦˥/ to /kʰap̚˦˥/. [7] Another element of consonant clusters in Old Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position.

  6. Nasal consonant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant

    However, currently in Korean, word-initial /m/ and /n/ are shifting to [b] and [d]. This started out in nonstandard dialects and was restricted to the beginning of prosodic units (a common position for fortition), but has expanded to many speakers of the standard language to the beginnings of common words even within prosodic units. [19]

  7. Phonological history of English consonants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

    The initial consonant in the word finger in traditional dialects of England. Initial fricative voicing is a process that occurs in some traditional accents of the English West Country, where the fricatives /f/, /θ/, /s/ and /ʃ/ are voiced to [v], [ð], [z] and [ʒ] when they occur at the beginning of a word.

  8. Syllabic consonant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant

    In many varieties of High and Low German, pronouncing syllabic consonants may be considered a shibboleth.In High German and Tweants (a Low Saxon dialect spoken in the Netherlands; more Low Saxon dialects have the syllabic consonant), all word-final syllables in infinite verbs and feminine plural nouns spelled -en are pronounced with syllabic consonants.

  9. Glottal stop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop

    Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack". [14] Traditionally in Received Pronunciation, "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in ...