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Bureaucracy (/ b j ʊəˈr ɒ k r ə s i /; bure-OK-rə-see) is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. [1] Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [2]
World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. The modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is international division of labor. In the modern world-system, the division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of profitable ...
To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world.
Also, most importantly, it is the bureaucracy—not the workers, or the people in general—which controls the economy and the state. Thus, the system is not truly socialist, but it is not capitalist either. [1] In Trotskyist theory, it is a new form of class society which exploits workers through new mechanisms.
This is the present-day iron cage of institutionalized capitalism. Weber presents his argument in an ironic form. Religion of a particular sort was necessary to revolutionize the economy and the world. A Protestant ethic drove the reorganization of traditional economic life to become a calculating efficient system.
German sociologist Max Weber defined a bureaucratic official as the following: [12] They are personally free and appointed to their position on the basis of conduct. They exercise the authority delegated to them in accordance with impersonal rules, and their loyalty is enlisted on behalf of the faithful execution of their official duties.
Varoufakis does have an example of liberalism in his book: Ironically, it’s his father, a chemical engineer who was a committed Communist while being a very successful bourgeois capitalist ...
Crony capitalism, sometimes also called simply cronyism, is a pejorative term used in political discourse to describe a situation in which businesses profit from a close relationship with state power, either through an anti-competitive regulatory environment, direct government largesse, and/or corruption. [1]