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2. Closed system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

   In thermodynamics, a closed system is important for solving complicated thermodynamic problems. It allows the elimination of some external factors that could alter the results of the experiment or problem thus simplifying it. A closed system can also be used in situations where thermodynamic equilibrium is required to simplify the situation.

3. Mesocosm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocosm

   Diagram of a small form closed system mesocosm. Different components of a successful mesocosm . A mesocosm (meso-or 'medium' and -cosm 'world') is any outdoor experimental system that examines the natural environment under controlled conditions. In this way mesocosm studies provide a link between field surveys and highly controlled laboratory ...

4. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

   Overall, in an isolated system, the internal energy is constant and the entropy can never decrease. A closed system's entropy can decrease e.g. when heat is extracted from the system. Isolated systems are not equivalent to closed systems. Closed systems cannot exchange matter with the surroundings, but can exchange energy.

5. Closed system (control theory) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_(control_theory)

   The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design ...

6. Biosphere - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere

   The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. [8] Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres—for example, human-centered biospheres or a native Martian biosphere—as part ...

7. Experimental system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_system

   In scientific research, an experimental system is the physical, technical and procedural basis for an experiment or series of experiments. Historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger defines an experimental system as: "A basic unit of experimental activity combining local, technical, instrumental, institutional, social, and epistemic aspects."