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The p53 p63 p73 family is a family of tumor suppressor genes. [1] [2] This gene family codes the proteins: p53; TP73L (also known as "p63") p73; They are sometimes considered part of a "p53 family." When overexpressed, these proteins are known to be involved in tumor pathogenesis. [3]
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins (originally thought to be, and often spoken of as, a single protein) are crucial in vertebrates , where they prevent cancer formation. [ 5 ]
The Warburg effect is the preferential use of glycolysis for energy to sustain cancer growth. p53 has been shown to regulate the shift from the respiratory to the glycolytic pathway. [102] However, a mutation can damage the tumor suppressor gene itself, or the signal pathway that activates it, "switching it off".
The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) also known as Bcl-2-binding component 3 (BBC3), is a pro-apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl-2 protein family. [5] [6] In humans, the Bcl-2-binding component 3 protein is encoded by the BBC3 gene. [5] [6] The expression of PUMA is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53.
Tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 also known as p53-binding protein 1 or 53BP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53BP1 gene. [5] [6] [7]
This gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor. By inducing G ( guanine ) to T ( thymidine ) transversions in transversion hotspots within p53 , there is a probability that benzo[ a ]pyrene diol epoxide inactivates the tumor suppression ability in certain cells, leading to cancer.
Though smoking leads to an overall decrease in DNA methylation, several critical genes become hypermethylated. Two of the most noteworthy of these genes are p16 and p53 . These genes are critical to cell cycle regulation and were shown to have higher levels of methylation in smokers than in non smokers. [ 3 ]
[8] p53, the tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. [8] Mutation in p53 gene can lead to cellular malfunctions such as malignant growth and metastasis. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Human GLIPR1, was initially identified in human glioblastoma and was called as GLIPR1 (glioma pathogenesis-related protein 1) [ 12 ] or ...