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The mandibular nerve immediately passes between tensor veli palatini, which is medial, and lateral pterygoid, which is lateral, and gives off a meningeal branch (nervus spinosus) and the nerve to medial pterygoid from its medial side. The nerve then divides into a small anterior division and a large posterior division.
The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).
The meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (also known as the nervus spinosus) [1] is a sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) that enters the middle cranial fossa through either the foramen spinosum or foramen ovale to innervate the meninges of this fossa as well as the mastoid air cells.
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Thus the facial artery can be used as an important landmark in locating the marginal mandibular nerve during surgical procedures. [2] Damage can cause paralysis of the three muscles it supplies, which can cause an asymmetrical smile due to lack of contraction of the depressor labii inferioris muscle . [ 3 ]
The medial pterygoid nerve (nerve to medial pterygoid, [1] or internal pterygoid nerve [citation needed]) is a nerve of the head. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V 3 ). It supplies the medial pterygoid muscle , the tensor veli palatini muscle , and the tensor tympani muscle .
The mylohyoid nerve is a mixed (motor-sensory) [1] branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (which is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V 3) that is itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)). [2] [1] It arises just before it enters the mandibular foramen. [1]
The mental nerve is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve. This is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V 3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). [1] It emerges from the mental foramen in the mandible. [2] It divides into three branches beneath the depressor anguli oris muscle.