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  2. French phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_phonology

    Vowels of Parisian French, from Collins & Mees (2013:225–226). Some speakers merge /œ̃/ with /ɛ̃/ (especially in the northern half of France) and /a/ with /ɑ/. In the latter case, the outcome is an open central between the two (not shown on the chart). Standard French contrasts up to 13 oral vowels and up to 4 nasal vowels.

  3. French orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography

    French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.

  4. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  5. Phonological history of French - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French

    A profound change in very late spoken Latin (Vulgar Latin, the forerunner of all the Romance languages) was the restructuring of the vowel system of Classical Latin.Latin had thirteen distinct vowels: ten pure vowels (long and short versions of a, e, i, o, u ), and three diphthongs ( ae, oe, au ). [2]

  6. List of languages by number of phonemes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by...

    Long vowels are considered to be sequences of vowels and so are not counted as phonemes. [20] Hindi: Indo-European: 44 + (5) 33 + (5) 11 [21] Hungarian: Uralic language: 39: 25 14 The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of short and long vowels such as o and ó. Most of the pairs have an almost similar pronunciation and vary significantly ...

  7. International Phonetic Alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. [1]

  8. Circumflex in French - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex_in_French

    Sylvius used the circumflex to indicate so-called "false diphthongs".Early modern French as spoken in Sylvius' time had coalesced all its true diphthongs into phonetic monophthongs; that is, a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.

  9. Duployan shorthand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duployan_shorthand

    French Duployan makes use of an extensive list of letter words, combined consonants, and affix marks, but does not cross letters to make abbreviations. Like most European shorthands, French Duployan omits vowels that can be guessed by a fluent speaker. [7] [8]

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