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Error-correcting codes are used in lower-layer communication such as cellular network, high-speed fiber-optic communication and Wi-Fi, [11] [12] as well as for reliable storage in media such as flash memory, hard disk and RAM. [13] Error-correcting codes are usually distinguished between convolutional codes and block codes:
as a result, even if the CRC is encrypted with a stream cipher that uses XOR as its combining operation (or mode of block cipher which effectively turns it into a stream cipher, such as OFB or CFB), both the message and the associated CRC can be manipulated without knowledge of the encryption key; this was one of the well-known design flaws of ...
Turbo coding is an iterated soft-decoding scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit.
The written USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008. The first USB 3.0 controller chips were sampled by NEC in May 2009, [4] and the first products using the USB 3.0 specification arrived in January 2010. [5] USB 3.0 connectors are generally backward compatible, but include new wiring and full-duplex operation.
The USB Implementers Forum introduced the Media Agnostic USB (MA-USB) v.1.0 wireless communication standard based on the USB protocol on 29 July 2015. Wireless USB is a cable-replacement technology, and uses ultra-wideband wireless technology for data rates of up to 480 Mbit/s.
The CC configuration channels have roles of creating a relationship between attached ports, detecting plug orientation due to the reversible USB Type-C shell, discovering the VBUS power supply pins, determining the lane ordering of the SuperSpeed lanes and, finally, the USB protocol makes the CC configuration channel responsible for entering ...
The unification was at the protocol level with the host. Compaq submitted IntelliSafe to the Small Form Factor (SFF) committee for standardization in early 1995. [ 13 ] It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital , which did not have a failure prediction system at the time.
The USB 3.0 specification is similar to USB 2.0, but with many improvements and an alternative implementation.Earlier USB concepts such as endpoints and the four transfer types (bulk, control, isochronous and interrupt) are preserved but the protocol and electrical interface are different.