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Malate is acted on by malate dehydrogenase to become oxaloacetate, producing a molecule of NADH. After that, oxaloacetate will be recycled to aspartate, as transaminases prefer these keto acids over the others. This recycling maintains the flow of nitrogen into the cell. Relationship of oxaloacetic acid, malic acid, and aspartic acid
1. CO 2 is fixed to produce a four-carbon molecule (malate or aspartate). 2. The molecule exits the cell and enters the bundle sheath cells. 3. It is then broken down into CO 2 and pyruvate. CO 2 enters the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates. 4. Pyruvate reenters the mesophyll cell, where it is reused to produce malate or aspartate.
Malate, in the mitochondrial matrix, can be used to make pyruvate (catalyzed by malic enzyme) or oxaloacetic acid, both of which can enter the citric acid cycle. Glutamine can also be used to produce oxaloacetate during anaplerotic reactions in various cell types through "glutaminolysis", which is also seen in many c-Myc transformed cells. [ 3 ]
The amino acid sequences of archaeal MDH are more similar to that of LDH than that of MDH of other organisms. This indicates that there is a possible evolutionary linkage between lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. [8] Each subunit of the malate dehydrogenase dimer has two distinct domains that vary in structure and functionality.
In enzymology, a malate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (S)-malate + O 2 oxaloacetate + H 2 O 2. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-malate and O 2, whereas its two products are oxaloacetate and H 2 O 2.
Malate is oxidized to pyruvate and CO 2, and NADP + is reduced to NADPH. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD + or NADP + as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate:NADP + oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating).
Oxaloacetate decarboxylase is a carboxy-lyase involved in the conversion of oxaloacetate into pyruvate.. It is categorized under EC 4.1.1.3.. Oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity in a given organism may be due to activity of malic enzyme, pyruvate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase or the activity of "real" oxaloacetate decarboxylases.
In enzymology, a malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.38) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction below (S)-malate + NAD + pyruvate + CO 2 + NADH. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-malate and NAD +, whereas its 3 products are pyruvate, CO 2, and NADH.