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An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection, which involves the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx or trachea. [3] [4] This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold.
The respiratory tract is divided into the upper airways and lower airways. The upper airways or upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses , the pharynx , and the portion of the larynx above the vocal folds (cords).
Upper respiratory system, with the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at left. The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. [2] It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity.
The tract is divided into an upper and a lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds. The lower tract (Fig. 2.) includes the lower part of the larynx, the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli.
The upper respiratory tract is considered the airway above the glottis or vocal cords; sometimes, it is taken as the tract above the cricoid cartilage.This part of the tract includes the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. [7] Most cases are caused by a viral infection. [2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. [2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...
In the upper part of the respiratory tract, the nasal hair in the nostrils traps large particles, and the sneeze reflex may also be triggered to expel them. The nasal mucosa also traps particles preventing their entry further into the tract. In the rest of the respiratory tract, particles of different sizes become deposited along different ...
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