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The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for PCS in 1992. [38] In order to meet these criteria, a patient has had a head injury "usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness" [33] [39] and then develop at least three of the eight symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "ICD-10" within four weeks.
Fall history is the strongest risk factor associated with subsequent falls. [28] Older people who have experienced at least one fall in the last 6 months, or who believe that they may fall in the coming months, should be evaluated with the aim of reducing their risk of recurrent falls. [29]
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [1]
Older adults who have experienced a traumatic injury after a fall are 21 percent more likely to later receive a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease or another related dementia, a new study indicates.
Falling is the action of a person or animal losing stability and ending up in a lower position, often on the ground. It is the second-leading cause of accidental death worldwide and a major cause of personal injury, especially for the elderly. [4] Falls in older adults are a major class of preventable injuries.
Some people may experience frequent falls and gait unsteadiness due to ataxia. This ataxia may be caused by cerebellar degeneration, sensory ataxia, or distal muscle weakness. [ 4 ] Over time, alcoholic polyneuropathy may also cause difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ), speech impairment ( disarthria ), muscle spasms , and muscle atrophy .
Many report lightheadedness (a feeling that one might be about to faint), sometimes severe, or even actual fainting with associated fall risk. [9] [10] [11] With chronic orthostatic hypotension, the condition and its effects may worsen even as fainting and many other symptoms become less frequent. Generalized weakness or tiredness may also occur.
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that impairs the ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles, and specifically impacts REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. [1] The pentad symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, disturbed nocturnal sleep (DNS), and cataplexy. [1]