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Education and Society in Modern Europe (1979); focus on Germany and France with comparisons to US and Britain; Sagarra, Eda. A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914 (1977) online; Schleunes, Karl A. "Enlightenment, reform, reaction: the schooling revolution in Prussia." Central European History 12.4 (1979): 315-342 online
The Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs was a Prussian ministry that was created in 1817 from the former department "for culture and public education" that existed from December 1808 to November 1817 and was part of the Ministry of Interior. The term "Ministry of Culture" was not used in official addresses but existed under ...
Humboldt's model was based on two ideas of the Enlightenment: the individual and the world citizen.Humboldt believed that the university (and education in general, as in the Prussian education system) should enable students to become autonomous individuals and world citizens by developing their own powers of reasoning in an environment of academic freedom.
Universities in northern Europe were more willing to accept the ideas of Enlightenment and were often greatly influenced by them. For instance, the historical ensemble of the University of Tartu in Estonia, that was erected around that time, is now included in the European Heritage Label list as an example of a university in the Age of Enlightenment.
During the 18th century, the Kingdom of Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce free and generally compulsory primary education, consisting of an eight-year course of basic education, Volksschule. It provided not only the skills needed in an early industrialized world (reading, writing, and arithmetic) but also a strict ...
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In 1800, Prussia introduced a new education system designed by Wilhelm von Humboldt. This system established compulsory education for children at the elementary level and introduced a three-tier structure consisting of general elementary schools ( German : allgemeine Volksschule ), secondary schools ( German : höhere Schule ), and higher ...
The Free State of Prussia (German: Freistaat Preußen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] ⓘ) was one of the constituent states of Germany from 1918 to 1947. The successor to the Kingdom of Prussia after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I, it continued to be the dominant state in Germany during the Weimar Republic, as it had been during the empire, even though most of ...