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Lapping machine. Lapping is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine. Lapping often follows other subtractive processes with more aggressive material removal as a first step, such as milling and/or grinding. Lapping can take two forms.
The condition of the material at hand determines what type of abrasive will be applied. The first stage, if the material is unfinished, starts with a rough abrasive (perhaps 60 or 80 grit) and each subsequent stage uses a finer abrasive, such as 120, 180, 220/240, 320, 400 and higher grit abrasives, until the desired finish is achieved.
After grinding, there is a small amount of surface roughness, which is based on the size of the grit. There is also a small amount of fracturing below the surface of the material, known as subsurface damage (SSD). [4] To reduce the amount of surface roughness and subsurface damage, additional grinding at a smaller grit size can be done. [4]
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This gives rise to a large variation in the physical and chemical composition of abrasives as well as the shape of the abrasive. Some common uses for abrasives include grinding, polishing, buffing, honing, cutting, drilling, sharpening, lapping, and sanding (see abrasive machining). (For simplicity, "mineral" in this article will be used ...
Six to twelve steps of grinding may be needed. The general rule is to start the initial grinding with a coarse 30/60-grit diamond and finish with a 1600- or 3000+ grit diamond, depending on the exposure level of aggregate and gloss level required. The polishing process begins with a 50-grit diamond resin pad instead of a metal segment.
Electropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing, or electrolytic polishing (especially in the metallography field), is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish.
Surface grinding is done on flat surfaces to produce a smooth finish. It is a widely used abrasive machining process in which a spinning wheel covered in rough particles ( grinding wheel ) cuts chips of metallic or nonmetallic substance from a workpiece, making a face of it flat or smooth.