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Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration elevates the blood pH beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45) with a concurrent reduction in arterial levels of carbon dioxide. [1] [4] This condition is one of the four primary disturbances of acid–base homeostasis. [5]
Inadequate supply occurs, for example, with hypoperfusion as occurs in hemorrhagic shock. A rise in lactate out of proportion to the level of pyruvate, e.g., in mixed venous blood, is termed "excess lactate", and is an indicator of anaerobic glycolysis occurring in muscle cells, as seen during strenuous exercise. Once oxygenation is restored ...
Why are there blood types? It is unclear what the origin and purpose of having blood types is. It is thought that O blood may be an adaptation to malaria and that different blood types respond to different diseases but this hypothesis has yet to be proven.
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing. [3] [4] Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which affects all the tissues and organs, some more rapidly than others.
Metabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance.Metabolic acidosis has three main root causes: increased acid production, loss of bicarbonate, and a reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete excess acids. [5]
The density of the breathing gas is higher at depth, so the effort required to fully inhale and exhale increases, making breathing more difficult and less efficient (high work of breathing). [13] [3] [18] Higher gas density also causes gas mixing within the lung to be less efficient, thus increasing the effective dead space. [4] [5]
k H CO 2 is a constant including the solubility of carbon dioxide in blood. k H CO 2 is approximately 0.03 (mmol/L)/mmHg; p CO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; Combining these equations results in the following equation relating the pH of blood to the concentration of bicarbonate and the partial pressure of carbon ...
Infection of GAS may spread through direct contact with mucus or sores on the skin. [2] GAS infections can cause over 500,000 deaths per year. [4] Despite the emergence of antibiotics as a treatment for group A streptococcus, cases of iGAS are an increasing problem, particularly on the continent of Africa. [5]