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[11]: 27 The Bible primarily speaks of sin as moral evil rather than natural or metaphysical evil. [11]: 21 The writers of the Bible take the reality of a spiritual world beyond this world and its containment of hostile spiritual forces for granted. While the post-Enlightenment world does not, the "dark spiritual forces" can be seen as "symbols ...
His work in the philosophy of religion includes influential essays on the problem of evil and the relation between theism and ethics. In metaphysics , Adams defended actualism in metaphysics of modality and Platonism about the nature of so-called possible worlds .
The argument from reason is a transcendental argument against metaphysical naturalism and for the existence of God (or at least a supernatural being that is the source of human reason). The best-known defender of the argument is C. S. Lewis .
1.8 Chapter Eight: The "New" Testament Exceeds The Evil Of The "Old" One 1.9 Chapter Nine: The Koran Is Borrowed From Both Jewish and Christian Myths 1.10 Chapter Ten: The Tawdriness Of The Miraculous And The Decline Of Hell
However, encounters between Christians and Pagans were sometimes confrontational, and some Christian kings (Charlemagne, Olaf I of Norway) were known for their violence against pagans. In the late Middle Ages, the appearance of the Cathars and Bogomils in Europe laid the stage for the later witch hunts .
Johnson's first published article, God, fatalism, and temporal ontology, [3] was based on his dissertation Divine Omniscience and the Fatalist Dilemma. [4]He has written extensively and debated (in print) with Victor Reppert on the Argument from reason, a debate which began in C. S. Lewis's Christian Apologetics : Pro and Con, edited by Gregory Bassham.
The doctrine of sin is central to the Christian faith, since its basic message is about redemption in Christ. [2] Hamartiology, a branch of Christian theology which is the study of sin, [3] describes sin as an act of offence against God by despising his persons and Christian biblical law, and by injuring others. [4]
It shares a dualist cosmology that pits good and light against evil and darkness, with an adversary to oppose the benevolent God. [31] Manichaeism and Mandaeism also share a common belief in many of the figures and stories of the Abrahamic faiths, which has raised questions of influences and origins.