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DNA extraction is the process of isolating DNA from the cells of an organism isolated from a sample, typically a biological sample such as blood, saliva, or tissue. It involves breaking open the cells, removing proteins and other contaminants, and purifying the DNA so that it is free of other cellular components.
In biology, explant culture is a technique to organotypically culture cells from a piece or pieces of tissue or organ removed from a plant or animal. The term explant can be applied to samples obtained from any part of the organism. The extraction process is extensively sterilized, and the culture can be typically used for two to three weeks. [1]
Cell isolation is the process of separating individual living cells from a solid block of tissue or cell suspension. While some types of cell naturally exist in a separated form (for example blood cells ), other cell types that are found in solid tissue require specific techniques to separate them into individual cells.
A sample from the culture can then be taken and analyzed to determine the ratio of living to dead cells (using a stain such as trypan blue) and the total concentration of cells in the flask (using a hemocytometer). Using this information, a portion of the current suspension culture will be transferred to fresh flask and supplemented with media.
The removal of dead cells by neighboring phagocytic cells has been termed efferocytosis. [66] Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis display phagocytotic molecules, such as phosphatidylserine , on their cell surface. [ 67 ]
A cell line can be defined as a permanently established cell culture which will propagate forever. Investigators mostly get cell lines from other investigators or from cell banks (such as the American Type Culture Collection) , because its much easier than creating new one. In special cases, investigators are obligated to establish a cell line.
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While in supravital staining the living cells take up the stain, in "vital staining" – the most accepted but apparently paradoxical meaning of this term, the living cells exclude the stain i.e. stain negatively and only the dead cells stain positively and thus viability can be assessed by counting the percentage of total cells that stain ...