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The breakdown of the tight endothelial junctions that make up the blood–brain barrier causes extravasation of fluid, ions, and plasma proteins, such as albumin, into the brain parenchyma. [18] Accumulation of extracellular fluid increases brain volume and then intracranial pressure causing the symptoms of cerebral edema.
Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with sickle cell anemia, compressed blood vessels, ventricular tachycardia, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely low blood pressure as a result of heart attack, and congenital heart defects have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. [8] Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. [11] Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. [12] An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. [3] [4]
Symptoms of Heart Disease. Some people don’t experience heart disease symptoms. ... heart attack symptoms are ... This can happen because many chronic diseases cause systemic inflammation or ...
A heart attack is a potentially life-threatening medical emergency that can lead to cardiac arrest or death. Heart attacks are common, too, with an estimated 805,000 people in the United States ...
These factors cause the brain to swell with fluid, resulting in severe impairment. [15] If the swelling is untreated, it causes death by brain herniation. [4] The brain swelling is likely a result of vasogenic edema, the penetration of the blood–brain barrier by fluids. [16] This process has been observed in MRI studies.
Atrial fibrillation causes blood clots to form within the heart, which may travel to the arteries within the brain and cause an embolism. The embolism prevents blood flow to the brain, which leads to a stroke. [26] An aneurysm is an abnormal bulging of small sections of arteries, which increases the risk of artery rupture.
With the availability of treatments that can reduce stroke severity when given early, many now prefer alternative terminology, such as "brain attack" and "acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome" (modeled after heart attack and acute coronary syndrome, respectively), to reflect the urgency of stroke symptoms and the need to act swiftly. [22]
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