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Hydromorphone is more soluble in water than morphine; therefore, hydromorphone solutions may be produced to deliver the drug in a smaller volume of water. The hydrochloride salt is soluble in three parts of water, whereas a gram of morphine hydrochloride dissolves in 16 ml of water; for all common purposes, the pure powder for hospital use can ...
These drugs also reduce pain from viruses such as shingles, phantom limb pain and post-stroke pain. [74] These mechanisms vary and in general are more effective in neuropathic pain disorders as well as complex regional pain syndrome. [75] A common anti-epileptic drug is gabapentin, and an example of an antidepressant would be amitriptyline.
"Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain, it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain.
It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation, analgesia and respiratory depression, but is twice as potent as morphine [2] and has a steeper dose-response curve and longer half-life. [4] It is used in medicine as the bitartrate salt (free base conversion ratio 0.643, molecular weight 471.5) and hydrochloride (free base conversion ratio 0 ...
Not all medications have a fixed relationship on this scale. Methadone is different from most opioids because its potency can vary depending on how long it is taken. Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine.
Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, constipation, and vomiting. [1] [3] Serious side effects include addiction, decreased rate of breathing, low blood pressure, severe allergic reactions, and liver failure. [1] Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus. [1] Use with alcohol is not recommended. [3]
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Side effects of diacetyldihydromorphine are similar to those of other semi-synthetic opiates and fully synthetic opioids, and the most commonly reported side effects include drowsiness, nausea, and constipation. Compared to morphine, diacetyldihydromorphine produces far fewer side effects which are also often lower in intensity.