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A map of the Arctic. The red line is the 10 °C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region; also shown is the Arctic Circle. The white area shows the average minimum extent of sea ice in summer as of 1975. [1] The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters
The image above shows where average air temperatures (October 2010 – September 2011) were up to 2 degrees Celsius above (red) or below (blue) the long-term average (1981–2010). The period of 1995–2005 was the warmest decade in the Arctic since at least the 17th century, with temperatures 2 °C (3.6 °F) above the 1951–1990 average. [13]
Feedbacks associated with sea ice and snow cover are widely cited as one of the principal causes of terrestrial polar amplification. [12] [13] [14] These feedbacks are particularly noted in local polar amplification, [15] although recent work has shown that the lapse rate feedback is likely equally important to the ice-albedo feedback for Arctic amplification. [16]
Continental tropical air masses are extremely hot and dry. [7] Arctic, Antarctic, and polar air masses are cold. The qualities of arctic air are developed over ice and snow-covered ground. Arctic air is deeply cold, colder than polar air masses. Arctic air can be shallow in the summer, and rapidly modify as it moves equatorward. [8]
Cold subsides when the vortex restabilizes and drives the arctic air back north. January’s freeze-out comes after December started cold, but finished out unusually warm across most of the country.
"The Arctic air coming through Jan. 15th can be the coldest of the winter so far," Anderson said. "This batch of Arctic air will have a vast zone for fresh snow cover to work with and a direct ...
A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation. Blue paths represent deep-water currents, while red paths represent surface currents. Thermohaline circulation. Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.
Arctic warming impacts the globe, creating more work for the U.S. Coast Guard—and worsening weather disasters