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Adrenal gland disorders (or diseases) are conditions that interfere with the normal functioning of the adrenal glands. [1] Your body produces too much or too little of one or more hormones when you have an adrenal gland dysfunction. The type of issue you have and the degree to which it affects your body's hormone levels determine the symptoms.
An adrenocortical adenoma or adrenal adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise the adrenal cortex.Like most adenomas, the adrenocortical adenoma is considered a benign tumor since the majority of them are non-functioning and asymptomatic.
Direct compression of adrenal glands and acute intravenous pressure rise due to compression of the inferior vena cava are the two proposed mechanisms of traumatic adrenal gland injury. [ 1 ] Non-traumatic adrenal hemorrhage is an atypical type, which can be further categorised as acute stress and neonatal stress, anti-phospholipid antibody ...
Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones.The adrenal glands—also referred to as the adrenal cortex—normally secrete glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone), and androgens.
Adrenal glands, anterior (left) and posterior (right) surface The adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body in the retroperitoneum , above and slightly medial to the kidneys . In humans, the right adrenal gland is pyramidal in shape, whereas the left is semilunar or crescent shaped and somewhat larger. [ 8 ]
Metastasis to one or both adrenal glands is the most common form of malignant adrenal lesion, and the second most common adrenal tumor after benign adenomas. [4] Primary tumors in such cases are most commonly from lung cancer (39%), breast cancer (35%), malignant melanoma , gastrointestinal tract cancer , pancreas cancer , and renal cancer .
Rapid onset of symptoms indicates acute adrenal failure, which is a clinical emergency. [5] An adrenal crisis can be triggered by stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection. [1] Addison's disease arises when the adrenal gland does not produce sufficient amounts of the steroid hormones cortisol and (sometimes) aldosterone. [1]
[1] [10] A single adrenal gland may also be removed in cases where only one is enlarged. [4] In cases due to enlargement of both glands, treatment is typically with medications known as aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone or eplerenone. [1] Other medications for high blood pressure and a low salt diet, e.g. DASH diet, may also be needed.
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