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DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins) are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. The first agent of the class – sitagliptin – was approved by the FDA in 2006. [1]
Aromatic heterocyclic-based DPP-4 inhibitors have gained increased attention recently. The first patents describing xanthines (Figure 10) as DPP-4 inhibitors came from Boehringer-Ingelheim(BI) and Novo Nordisk. [21] When xanthine based DPP-4 inhibitors are compared with sitagliptin and vildagliptin it has shown a superior profile.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, also known as GLP-1 analogs, GLP-1DAs, or incretin mimetics, [1] are a class of anorectic drugs that reduce blood sugar and energy intake by activating the GLP-1 receptor. They mimic the actions of the endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1, which is released by the gut after eating.
GLP-1 analogs resulted in weight loss and had more gastrointestinal side-effects, while in general dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were weight-neutral and are associated with increased risk for infection and headache. Both classes appear to present an alternative to other antidiabetic drugs.
Studies have shown that a GLP-1 drug, exenatide, sufficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease, leading to improvements in motor performance, behavior ...
GLP-1 receptor drugs come with gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, bloating, and gas. Some foods can make these side effects worse. Some foods can make these side effects worse.
To overcome this, GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors have been developed to increase GLP-1 activity. As opposed to common treatment agents such as insulin and sulphonylurea , GLP-1-based treatment has been associated with weight loss and a lower risk of hypoglycemia , two important considerations for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Commercially known as Ozempic (semaglutide), is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). It is primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has shown potential benefits in addressing obesity as well.