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Real GDP is an example of the distinction between real and nominal values in economics.Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the market value of all final goods produced in a geographical region, usually a country; this depends on the quantities of goods and services produced, and their respective prices.
Real values can for example be expressed in constant 1992 dollars, with the price level fixed 100 at the base date. Comparison of real and nominal gas prices 1996 to 2016, illustrating the formula for conversion. Here the base year is 2016.
Constant Dollars: weighted by a constant/unchanging basket/list of goods and services. Chained Dollars: weighted by a basket/list that changes yearly to more accurately reflect actual spending. The basket is an average of the basket for successive pairs of years; example of paired years are 2010–2011, 2011–2012, etc.
A chained volume series is a series of economic data (such as GDP, GNP or similar kinds of data) from successive years, put in real (or constant, i.e. inflation- and deflation-adjusted) terms by computing the aggregate value of the measure (e.g. GDP or GNP) for each year using the prices of the preceding year, and then 'chain linking' the data together to obtain a time-series of figures from ...
Assuming that factor prices are constant, the production function determines all cost functions. [4] The variable cost curve is the constant price of the variable input times the inverted short-run production function or total product curve, and its behavior and properties are determined by the production function.
The Rybczynski theorem was developed in 1955 by the Polish-born English economist Tadeusz Rybczynski (1923–1998). It states that at constant relative goods prices, a rise in the endowment of one factor will lead to a more than proportional expansion of the output in the sector which uses that factor intensively, and an absolute decline of the output of the other good.
The price of coffee rose more than 80% in 2024, according to The Wall Street Journal, surpassing a record set in 1977. And with concerns brewing about a weak 2025 harvest in Brazil, prices could ...
Constant elasticities can predict optimal pricing only by computing point elasticities at several points, to determine the price at which point elasticity equals −1 (or, for multiple products, the set of prices at which the point elasticity matrix is the negative identity matrix).