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Frogs and toads produce a rich variety of sounds, calls, and songs during their courtship and mating rituals. The callers, usually males, make stereotyped sounds in order to advertise their location, their mating readiness and their willingness to defend their territory; listeners respond to the calls by return calling, by approach, and by going silent.
Amphibians like frogs and toads can vocalise using vibrating tissues in airflow. For example, frogs use vocal sacs and an air-recycling system to make sound, while pipid frogs use laryngeal muscles to produce an implosion of air and create clicking noise. [7] Aquatic mammals such as seals and otters can produce sound using the larynx.
Modern frog species (neobatrachians and some mesobatrachians) which lack vocal sacs tend to inhabit areas close to flowing water. The sound of the flowing water overpowers the advertisement call, so they must advertise by other means. An alternative use of the vocal sac is employed by the frogs of the family Rhinodermatidae. The males of the ...
Male frogs have a noticeable hook protruding from its spine, presumably used to fight other frogs, or defend its territory or the eggs. They are fierce fighters who will occasionally engage in a wrestling matches with other intruding frogs. The female species are slightly larger and lacks this particular feature. [6]
R. darwinii use non-linear vocal phenomena (NLP) in order to attract and communicate with mates. Darwin’s frog has been shown to have distinct mating patterns based on population and body size. More research needs to be conducted in order to further explore the mating of R. darwinii. [11] Most green individuals are brooding males [12]
In frogs and toads, the tympanum is a large external oval shape membrane made up of nonglandular skin. [2] It is located just behind the eye. It does not process sound waves; it simply transmits them to the inner parts of the amphibian's ear, which is protected from the entry of water and other foreign objects.
Discreteness: Language is composed of small, separate, and repeatable parts (discrete units, e.g. morphemes) that are used in combination to create meaning. Displacement: Language can be used to communicate about things that are not in the immediate vicinity either spatially or temporally. [6]
The Guinness Book of World Records lists the frog's body weight at 10 milligrams (0.00035 oz), [13] while measurements of Schindleria brevipinguis show them to weigh less than 2 milligrams (7.1 × 10 −5 oz), with one adult specimen weighing just 0.7 milligrams. [14] The frog lives on land and its life cycle does not include a tadpole stage. [11]