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According to Jacqueline Friedland's "Estimating Unpaid Claims Using Basic Techniques," there are seven steps to apply the chain-ladder technique: Compile claims data in a development triangle; Calculate age-to-age factors; Calculate averages of the age-to-age factors; Select claim development factors; Select tail factor
A ternary flammability diagram, showing which mixtures of methane, oxygen gas, and inert nitrogen gas will burn. A ternary plot, ternary graph, triangle plot, simplex plot, or Gibbs triangle is a barycentric plot on three variables which sum to a constant. [1] It graphically depicts the ratios of the three variables as positions in an ...
A partial argument tree with claims and impact votes for arguments illustrates one form of collective determination of argument weights that is based on equal-weight user voting. [35] There is research into how to efficiently calculate the winning arguments or arguments' weights and the overall conclusions in digital argument map systems. [36]
A claim chart is a widely used device in patent infringement litigation. [1] It is a convenient and effective means for analyzing and presenting information regarding a patent claim .
An inductive proof for arithmetic progressions was introduced in the Al-Fakhri (1000) by Al-Karaji, who used it to prove the binomial theorem and properties of Pascal's triangle. Modern proof theory treats proofs as inductively defined data structures , not requiring an assumption that axioms are "true" in any sense.
Loss reserving is the calculation of the required reserves for a tranche of insurance business, [1] including outstanding claims reserves.. Typically, the claims reserves represent the money which should be held by the insurer so as to be able to meet all future claims arising from policies currently in force and policies written in the past.
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Diagrams with loops (in graph theory, these kinds of loops are called cycles, while the word loop is an edge connecting a vertex with itself) correspond to the quantum corrections to the classical field theory. Because one-loop diagrams only contain one cycle, they express the next-to-classical contributions called the semiclassical contributions.