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Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from motor vehicles. It consists chiefly of road surface, tire, engine /transmission, aerodynamic, and braking elements. Noise of rolling tires driving on pavement is found to be the biggest contributor of highway noise and increases with higher vehicle speeds. [1][2][3]
Noise pollution, or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise or sound with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of which are harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and propagation systems. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Poor urban planning may give rise to noise ...
Rumble strip installation is widespread, and in some cases controversial. Residents near urban freeways complain of noise at night as vehicles change lanes; or when vehicles strike the transverse rumble strips. The encroachment of shoulder rumble strips onto highways with narrow shoulders may create a hazard for cyclists.
Elevated workplace or environmental noise can cause hearing impairment, tinnitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. [3][4] Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been also attributed to noise exposure. [5] Although age-related health effects (presbycusis) occur naturally with age, [6] in many ...
A noise barrier (also called a soundwall, noise wall, sound berm, sound barrier, or acoustical barrier) is an exterior structure designed to protect inhabitants of sensitive land use areas from noise pollution. Noise barriers are the most effective method of mitigating roadway, railway, and industrial noise sources – other than cessation of ...
The main areas of noise mitigation or abatement are: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning through zoning codes, [1] and occupational noise control. Roadway noise and aircraft noise are the most pervasive sources of environmental noise. [2] Social activities may generate noise levels that consistently affect the ...
A road being resurfaced using a road roller. Red surfacing for a bicycle lane in the Netherlands. Construction crew laying down asphalt over fiber-optic trench, in New York City. A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot ...
Botts' dots (turtles in Washington and Oregon or buttons in Texas and other southern states) are round non-reflective ceramic [1] raised pavement markers. In many parts of the US, Botts' dots are used, along with reflective raised pavement markers, to mark lanes on highways and arterial roads. They provide tactile and auditory feedback to ...