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Figure 1: Example two-port network with symbol definitions. Notice the port condition is satisfied: the same current flows into each port as leaves that port.. In electronics, a two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (i.e. a circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits.
In a two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the output port. The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of larger circuits. A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties specified by a matrix of numbers. This allows the ...
These concepts are capable of being extended to networks of more than two ports. However, this is rarely done in reality because, in many practical cases, ports are considered either purely input or purely output. If reverse direction transfer functions are ignored, a multi-port network can always be decomposed into a number of two-port networks.
Signal flow graph of a circuit containing a two port. The forward path from input to output is shown in a different color. The dotted line rectangle encloses the portion of the SFG that constitutes the two-port. The figure to the right depicts a circuit that contains a y-parameter two-port network. V in is the input of the circuit and V 2 is ...
For a one-port network, the Z-matrix reduces to a single element, being the ordinary impedance measured between the two terminals. The Z-parameters are also known as the open circuit parameters because they are measured or calculated by applying current to one port and determining the resulting voltages at all the ports while the undriven ports ...
Network synthesis is the process of deriving a circuit to match a chosen transfer function. Not all transfer functions can be realized by physical networks, but for those that can, the lattice network is always a solution. In other words, if a symmetrical two-terminal pair network is realizable at all, it is realizable as a lattice network.
Kron reduction is a useful tool to eliminate unused nodes in a Y-parameter matrix. [2] [3] For example, three linear elements linked in series with a port at each end may be easily modeled as a 4X4 nodal admittance matrix of Y-parameters, but only the two port nodes normally need to be considered for modeling and simulation.
If a current, , injected into port A produces a voltage, , at port B and injected into port B produces at port A, then the network is said to be reciprocal. Equivalently, reciprocity can be defined by the dual situation; applying voltage, , at port A producing current at port B and at port B producing current at port A. [1] In general, passive networks are reciprocal.