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Independent of test conditions, the flow stress is also affected by: chemical composition, purity, crystal structure, phase constitution, microstructure, grain size, and prior strain. [4] The flow stress is an important parameter in the fatigue failure of ductile materials.
A process to perform a water flow test is explained in the model fire codes as published by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association). If a water supply source is considered weak compared to what is required by the sprinkler system design hydraulic calculation , the water pressure can be boosted by means of a fire pump .
A float switch is a type of level sensor, a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank. The switch may be used to control a pump, as an indicator, an alarm, or to control other devices. One type of float switch uses a mercury switch inside a hinged float.
Most modern meters combine a venturi flow rate meter, with a gamma densitometer, and some meters have additional measurements for water salinity. The meter measures the flow rates at line pressures, which are typically orders of magnitude greater than atmospheric pressure, but the meter must report the oil and gas volumes at standard ...
Both methods use a ceramic transducer to emit a sound into the water. Doppler instruments are more common. An instrument of this type is the Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), which measures the water current velocities over a depth range using the Doppler effect of sound waves scattered back from particles within the water column. The ...
This depth is converted to a flow rate according to a theoretical formula of the form = where is the flow rate, is a constant, is the water level, and is an exponent which varies with the device used; or it is converted according to empirically derived level/flow data points (a "flow curve"). The flow rate can then be integrated over time into ...
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a ...
Von Kármán swirling flow is a flow created by a uniformly rotating infinitely long plane disk, named after Theodore von Kármán who solved the problem in 1921. [1] The rotating disk acts as a fluid pump and is used as a model for centrifugal fans or compressors.