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The word paroxysm means 'sudden attack, outburst' [2] and comes from Greek παροξυσμός (paroxusmós) ' irritation, exasperation '. [3] Paroxysmal attacks in various disorders have been reported extensively, and ephaptic coupling of demyelinated nerves has been presumed as one of the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. This is ...
The human sexual response cycle is a four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation, [1] which, in order of their occurrence, are the excitement, plateau, orgasmic, and resolution phases. [2] This physiological response model was first formulated by William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson, in their 1966 book Human Sexual ...
During a drug-testing study, patients reported a decreasing response to the latter use of anticonvulsants and switched to carbamazepine or phenytoin. [2] Refraining from established triggers such as sudden movement has been shown to lessen attacks occurrences.
The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).
Morphine has been found to be effective in aborting episodes; sometimes it is the only medication that can combat the sympathetic response. Morphine helps lower respiration rates and hypertension. It is given in doses of two milligrams to eight milligrams but can be administered up to twenty milligrams. Nausea and vomiting are common side effects.
Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and bradycardia. [1]
The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli.According to this model, an external stimulus triggers a reaction in an organism, often without the need for conscious thought.
Fixed action patterns are said to be produced by the innate releasing mechanism, a "hard-wired" neural network, in response to a sign/key stimulus or releaser. [1] [2] Once released, a fixed action pattern runs to completion. [1] This term is often associated with Konrad Lorenz, who is the founder of the concept. [1]