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The structure of sodium oxide has been determined by X-ray crystallography.Most alkali metal oxides M 2 O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure.In this motif the positions of the anions and cations are reversed relative to their positions in CaF 2, with sodium ions tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 oxide ions and oxide cubically coordinated to 8 sodium ions.
Transmission electron microscopy image of an iron oxide nanoparticle. Regularly arranged dots within the dashed border are columns of Fe atoms. Left inset is the corresponding electron diffraction pattern. Scale bar: 10 nm. [1] Iron oxide nanoparticles can be dispersed in an organic solvent .
Iron is an essential micronutrient, playing a role in chlorophyll synthesis, electron transport, and enzyme activation, and a deficiency can lead to reduced growth and crop yields. [7] Iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4) nanoparticles have been shown to improve seed germination, enhancing shoot and root development more than traditional iron supplements do. [8]
The characterization of nanoparticles is a branch of nanometrology that deals with the characterization, or measurement, of the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles.,. [1] Nanoparticles measure less than 100 nanometers in at least one of their external dimensions, and are often engineered for their unique properties. Nanoparticles ...
Nanoelectronics refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
Nanochemistry is an emerging sub-discipline of the chemical and material sciences that deals with the development of new methods for creating nanoscale materials. [1] The term "nanochemistry" was first used by Ozin in 1992 as 'the uses of chemical synthesis to reproducibly afford nanomaterials from the atom "up", contrary to the nanoengineering and nanophysics approach that operates from the ...
The concept of molecular recognition is important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces. The Watson–Crick basepairing rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an enzyme targeting a single substrate , or the specific folding of a protein .
Nanomaterials have also been applied in a range of industries and consumer products. Mineral nanoparticles such as titanium-oxide have been used to improve UV protection in sunscreen. Phosphorus, carbon and nitrogen doped titanium-oxide nanoparticles are used as additive to water based paint for self-cleaning properties. [44]