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Let x, y, and z refer to a coordinate system with the x- and y-axis in the sensor plane. Denote the coordinates of the point P on the object by ,,, the coordinates of the image point of P on the sensor plane by x and y and the coordinates of the projection (optical) centre by ,,.
Some sensors can also affect what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. [3]
The responsivity of an ideal linear sensor in the absence of noise is defined as = /, whereas for nonlinear sensors it is defined as the local slope /. In the absence of noise and signals at the input, the sensor is assumed to generate a constant intrinsic output noise N o i {\textstyle N_{oi}} .
Direct fusion is the fusion of sensor data from a set of heterogeneous or homogeneous sensors, soft sensors, and history values of sensor data, while indirect fusion uses information sources like a priori knowledge about the environment and human input. Sensor fusion is also known as (multi-sensor) data fusion and is a subset of information fusion.
Compressed sensing (also known as compressive sensing, compressive sampling, or sparse sampling) is a signal processing technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing a signal, by finding solutions to underdetermined linear systems.
Surface acoustic wave sensors are a class of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) which rely on the modulation of surface acoustic waves to sense a physical phenomenon. The sensor transduces an input electrical signal into a mechanical wave which, unlike an electrical signal, can be easily influenced by physical phenomena.
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Fiber optic sensors are also particularly well suited for remote monitoring, and they can be interrogated 290 km away from the monitoring station using an optical fiber cable. [12] Brillouin scattering effects can also be used to detect strain and temperature over large distances (20–120 kilometers).