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Visualization of the ice and snow covering Earth's northern and southern polar regions Northern Hemisphere permafrost (permanently frozen ground) in purple. The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles.
A Köppen–Geiger climate map showing temperate climates for 1991–2020 The different geographical zones of the world. The temperate zones, in the sense of geographical regions defined by latitude, span from either north or south of the subtropics (north or south of the orange dotted lines, at 35 degrees north or south) to the polar circles.
Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, especially at the most poleward parts; and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice or snow on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about −40 to 0 °C (−40 to 32 °F), and winter temperatures can drop ...
280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or; 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or; 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the West, [55] Midwest, [56] [57] the Southeast, [58] and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming ...
According to NOAA, "while the map shows the climatological probability of snow-covered ground on December 25, the actual conditions this year may vary widely from these probabilities because the ...
A 2007 estimate of snow cover over the Northern Hemisphere suggested that, on average, snow cover ranges from a minimum extent of 2 million square kilometres (0.77 × 10 ^ 6 sq mi) each August to a maximum extent of 45 million square kilometres (17 × 10 ^ 6 sq mi) each January or nearly half of the land surface in that hemisphere.
New analysis found the climate crisis has caused significant drops to seasonal snow in the world’s north since the 1980s.