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The quantum defect may also be defined as follows: at a given frequency of pump and given frequency of lasing, the quantum defect = /; according to this definition, quantum defect is dimensionless. [ citation needed ] At a fixed pump frequency, the higher the quantum defect, the lower is the upper bound for the power efficiency.
Origin of title phenomenon in crystallographic defects. Shown is a two-dimensional slice through a primitive cubic crystal system showing the regular square array of atoms on one face (open circles, o), and with these, places where atoms are missing from a regular site to create vacancies, displaced to an adjacent acceptable space to create a Frenkel pair, or substituted by a smaller or larger ...
In chemistry a donor number (DN) is a quantitative measure of Lewis basicity.A donor number is defined as the negative enthalpy value for the 1:1 adduct formation between a Lewis base and the standard Lewis acid SbCl 5 (antimony pentachloride), in dilute solution in the noncoordinating solvent 1,2-dichloroethane with a zero DN.
For example, the defect may result in an ion on its own ion site or a vacancy on the cation site. To complete the reactions, the proper number of each ion must be present (mass balance), an equal number of sites must exist (site balance), and the sums of the charges of the reactants and products must also be equal (charge balance).
In crystallography, a vacancy is a type of point defect in a crystal where an atom is missing from one of the lattice sites. [2] Crystals inherently possess imperfections, sometimes referred to as crystallographic defects. Vacancies occur naturally in all crystalline materials.
The quantum numbers corresponding to these operators are , , (always 1/2 for an electron) and respectively. The energy levels in the hydrogen atom depend only on the principal quantum number n . For a given n , all the states corresponding to ℓ = 0 , … , n − 1 {\displaystyle \ell =0,\ldots ,n-1} have the same energy and are degenerate.
The cation transport number of the leading solution is then calculated as t + = z + c L A F I Δ t {\displaystyle t_{+}={\frac {z_{+}cLAF}{I\Delta t}}} where z + {\displaystyle z_{+}} is the cation charge, c the concentration, L the distance moved by the boundary in time Δ t , A the cross-sectional area, F the Faraday constant , and I the ...
For example, distributing two particles in three sublevels will give population numbers of 110, 101, or 011 for a total of three ways which equals 3!/(2!1!). The number of ways that a set of occupation numbers n i can be realized is the product of the ways that each individual energy level can be populated: = (,) =!!