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In a social and political context, the Kural text glorifies valour and victory during war and recommends a death sentence for the wicked only as a means of justice. [18] [163] [164] According to Kaushik Roy, the Kural text in substance is a classic on realism and pragmatism, and it is not a mystic, purely philosophical document. [147]
The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, [2] remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia. The first translation of the Kural text appeared in Malayalam in 1595 CE under the title Tirukkural Bhasha by an unknown author.
The Kural is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. It is a very short poetic form being an independent couplet complete in 2 lines, the first line consisting of 4 words and the second line consisting of 3.
The Sacred Kural of Thiruvalluvar; A path to purposeful living: Chennai: 74: 2004: O. R. Krishnaswami: The Wisdom of Tirukkural—A Guide to Living: Mumbai (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan) Prose: Partial: Translated only Books I and II 75: 2004: Anantham Krishnamurthy and R. Shahjahan: Thirukkural (Original text, Romanization with English and French ...
The first Urdu translation of the Kural text was by Hazrat Suhrawardy, a professor of Urdu Department of Jamal Mohammad College, Tiruchirappalli. [1] It was published by Sahitya Academy in 1965, with a reprint in 1994. The translation is in prose and is not a direct translation from Tamil but based on English translations of the original.
Tiruvallam Bhaskaran Nair (born G. Bhaskaran Nair) is a 20th-century Malayalam poet known for his Malayalam translation of the ancient Indian philosophical text of Tirukkural, among other Tamil, Sanskrit and English works. Nair translated only the first of the three books of the Kural text, and the translation was made in prose.
Of the three books of the Kural text, the Book of Aṟam remains the most translated one by scholars and writers and also the most widely interpreted one. [41] Serving as a manual of precepts to exclusively teach dharma for millennia, [ 2 ] the Book of Aṟam has influenced many of its readers to pursue the path of non-violence.
Many poems and the Avvai Kural, comprising 310 kurals in 31 chapters, belong to this period. She is most widely known for her ' Aathichoodi ', ' Kondrai Vendhan ', ' Nalvazhi ' and ' Moodhurai '. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name Avvaiyar means a 'respectable good woman', hence a generic title; her personal name is not known.