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'sacred verses'), or shortly the Kural (Tamil: குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text on commoner's morality consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. [4] The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue , wealth and love , respectively.
The Kural is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. It is a very short poetic form being an independent couplet complete in 2 lines, the first line consisting of 4 words and the second line consisting of 3.
By the turn of the twenty-first century, the Kural had already been translated to more than 37 world languages, [15] with at least 24 complete translations in English language alone, by both native and non-native scholars. By 2014, the Kural had been translated to more than 42 languages, with 57 versions available in English.
The Sacred Kural or The Tamil Veda of Tiruvalluvar: Calcutta (The Heritage of India Series) Verse: Selections: Reprint in 1958 by YMCA Publishing House 18: 1933: A. Ranganatha Mudaliar: Tirukkural Mulamum Uraiyum with English Translation: Madras: 19: 1935: C. Rajagopalachari: Kural, The Great Book of Tiruvalluvar: Madras (Rochouse and Sons Ltd ...
The first Urdu translation of the Kural text was by Hazrat Suhrawardy, a professor of Urdu Department of Jamal Mohammad College, Tiruchirappalli. [1] It was published by Sahitya Academy in 1965, with a reprint in 1994. The translation is in prose and is not a direct translation from Tamil but based on English translations of the original.
With the exception of Avvaiyar and Idaikkadar, both of whom composed their verses in Kural venpa metre (couplet form), all the 53 poets have written their composition in the Venpa form. [18] The Tiruvalluva Malai refers to the Kural text mostly as Muppāl, a name preferred by Tiruvalluvar himself. The name appears in 15 different places ...
Avvaiyar was the court poet of the Chola monarch and was a contemporary of Kambar and Ottakkuttar. [5] She found great happiness in the life of small children. Her works, Ātticcūṭi and Konraiventhan, written for young children, are even now generally read and enjoyed by them.
At the prison, he started learning Tamil and studied the Kural and was tempted to translate the work into Marathi. [1] He referred to the works on the Kural by V. V. S. Aiyar [2] [3] and also consulted with fellow Tamil inmates at the prison to get the full import of subtle ideas in the work. [3]