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Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the increase in ventilation induced by hypoxia that allows the body to take in and transport lower concentrations of oxygen at higher rates. It is initially elevated in lowlanders who travel to high altitude, but reduces significantly over time as people acclimatize .
A significant alteration in ventilation that affects elimination of CO 2 can cause a respiratory acid-base disorder. The PaCO 2 is maintained within a range of 35–45 mm Hg in normal states. [citation needed] Alveolar ventilation is under the control of the respiratory center, which is located in the pons and the medulla.
Hypoxic air systems can be integrated with the building management system and can include systems to recover the heat generated by the hypoxic air generator that, would otherwise be wasted. [ 5 ] Air with low oxygen concentration is transported to the protected volumes through dedicated pipes or, more simply, via an existing ventilation system .
The control of ventilation is the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of breathing, which is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation facilitates respiration. Respiration refers to the utilization of oxygen and balancing of carbon dioxide by the body as a whole, or by individual cells in cellular respiration. [1]
A controlled F I O 2 is particularly important for patients whose ventilation is dependent on hypoxic drive, [5] as may be seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Administration of too much oxygen may lead to a reduction in their respiratory rate and retention of carbon dioxide, and ultimately to reduced consciousness or ...
Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia, and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity.
Many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.Treatment with supplemental oxygen may improve their well-being; alternatively, in some this can lead to the adverse effect of elevating the carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia) to levels that may become toxic.
If the victim somehow survived, the stress and shock would accelerate oxygen consumption, leading to hypoxia at a rapid rate. [78] At the extremely low pressures encountered at altitudes above about 63,000 feet (19,000 m), the boiling point of water becomes less than normal body temperature. [ 73 ]