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A permit-to-work is not a replacement for robust risk assessment, but can help provide context for the risk of the work to be done. Studies by the U.K. Health and Safety Executive have shown that the most significant cause of maintenance-related accidents in the U.K. chemical industry was a failure to implement effective permit-to-work systems. [3]
A confined space is a space with limited entry and egress and not suitable for human inhabitants. Alternative names for a confined space are enclosed space and dangerous space. [1] An example is the interior of a storage tank, occasionally entered by maintenance workers but not intended for human occupancy.
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Confined space rescue is a subset of technical rescue operations that involves the rescue and recovery of victims trapped in a confined space or in a place only accessible through confined spaces, such as underground vaults, storage silos, storage tanks, or sewers. A warning label on a storage tank, indicating that it is a confined space.
The operations manual can be a digital or paper document. Digital format has advantages for revision control and can be distributed easily and at low cost. [4] The detail should be sufficient to allow a competent person without specific experience to understand what is needed and how it is to be done.
The system is not based on evidence of effectiveness; rather, it relies on whether the elimination of hazards is possible. Eliminating hazards allows workers to be free from the need to recognize and protect themselves against these dangers. Substitution is given lower priority than elimination because substitutes may also present hazards.
OPCS-4, or more formally OPCS Classification of Interventions and Procedures version 4, [1] is the procedural classification used by clinical coders within National Health Service (NHS) hospitals of NHS England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland.
Air changes per hour, abbreviated ACPH or ACH, or air change rate is the number of times that the total air volume in a room or space is completely removed and replaced in an hour. If the air in the space is either uniform or perfectly mixed, air changes per hour is a measure of how many times the air within a defined space is replaced each hour.