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A group of hikers encountering quicksand on the banks of the Paria River, Utah Quicksand warning sign near Lower King Bridge, Western Australia. Quicksand is a shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid: when undisturbed, it often appears to be solid ("gel" form), but a less than 1% change in the stress on the quicksand will cause a sudden decrease in its viscosity ("sol" form).
The formula was derived by Bagnold [1] in 1936 and later published in his book The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes in 1941. [2] Wind tunnel and field experiments suggest that the formula is basically correct. It has later been modified by several researchers, but is still considered to be the benchmark formula. [3] [4]
Bagnold, R.A. 1946. Motion of waves in shallow water. Interaction between waves and sand bottoms. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 187:1–18. Bagnold, R.A. 1947. Sand movement by waves: some small-scale experiments with sand of very low density. Journal of the Institute of Civil Engineers 27(5554):447–469. Bagnold, R.A. 1951.
Nail polish, whipped cream, ketchup, molasses, syrups, paper pulp in water, latex paint, ice, blood, some silicone oils, some silicone coatings, sand in water: Generalized Newtonian fluids: Viscosity is function of the shear strain rate. Stress depends on normal and shear strain rates and also the pressure applied on it Blood plasma, custard, water
The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes is a scientific book written by Ralph A. Bagnold. [1] The book laid the foundations of the scientific investigation of the transport of sand by wind. [2] It also discusses the formation and movement of sand dunes in the Libyan Desert.
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. [1]: 3 It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
When the shear stress reaches a certain value, the force chains can break and the particles at the end of the chains on the surface begin to slide. Then, new force chains form until the shear stress is less than the critical value, and so the sandpile maintains a constant angle of repose. [7]
the subscript refers to the sand fraction, s represents the ratio / where is the sand fraction density, () is the RGF as a function of the sand level within the gravel bed, is the bed shear stress available for sand transport and is the critical shear stress for incipient motion of the sand fraction, which was calculated graphically using the ...