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Entomophagy is scientifically documented as widespread among non-human primates and common among many human communities. [4] The eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of certain insects have been eaten by humans from prehistoric times to the present day. [5] Around 3,000 ethnic groups practice entomophagy. [6]
Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. [5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog ( L. laticeps ) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. [ 5 ]
A banana slug feeding on Amanita. Many terrestrial gastropod mollusks are known to feed on fungi. It is the case in several species of slugs from distinct families.Among them are the Philomycidae (e. g. Philomycus carolinianus and Phylomicus flexuolaris) and Ariolimacidae (Ariolimax californianus), which respectively feed on slime molds (myxomycetes) and mushrooms (basidiomycetes). [5]
Though many tadpoles will feed on dead animals if available to them, only a few species of frog have strictly carnivorous tadpoles, an example being the frogs of the family Ceratophryidae, their cannibalistic tadpoles having wide gaping mouths with which they devour other organisms, including other tadpoles.
Filial cannibalism is a specific type of size-structured cannibalism in which adults eat their own offspring. [34] Although most often thought of as parents eating live young, filial cannibalism includes parental consumption of stillborn infants and miscarried fetuses as well as infertile and still-incubating eggs.
As tadpoles, the squirrel tree frog is preyed upon by dragonfly nymphs, giant water bugs, predatory fish and newts. [2] [3] Once the tadpoles metamorphose, the predators of the frogs change to small mammals, other frogs, snakes, birds. [2] To reduce the danger of being eaten as tadpoles, they use dense vegetation as cover. [4]
[5] [9] [10] It is also a cannibalistic species—the male African bullfrog is known for occasionally eating the tadpoles he guards, [11] and juveniles also eat tadpoles. [12] An African bullfrog kept at the Pretoria Zoo in South Africa once ate 17 juvenile Rinkhals snakes ( Hemachatus haemachatus ).
The human population exploits and depends on many animal and plant species for food, mainly through agriculture, but also by exploiting wild populations, notably of marine fish. [10] [11] [12] Livestock animals are raised for meat across the world; they include (2011) around 1.4 billion cattle, 1.2 billion sheep and 1 billion domestic pigs. [12 ...