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  2. History of molecular theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory

    Hence, relative molecular masses could now be calculated from the masses of gas samples. Avogadro developed this hypothesis to reconcile Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac's 1808 law on volumes and combining gases with Dalton's 1803 atomic theory. The greatest difficulty Avogadro had to resolve was the huge confusion at that time regarding atoms and ...

  3. Atomic, molecular, and optical physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and...

    Atomic physics is the subfield of AMO that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules. The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs , due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English .

  4. History of atomic theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory

    Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries.

  5. Molecular orbital theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory

    Molecular orbital theory revolutionized the study of chemical bonding by approximating the states of bonded electrons – the molecular orbitals – as linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). These approximations are made by applying the density functional theory (DFT) or Hartree–Fock (HF) models to the Schrödinger equation .

  6. Molecular physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_physics

    Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules and molecular dynamics. The field overlaps significantly with physical chemistry, chemical physics, and quantum chemistry. It is often considered as a sub-field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Research groups studying molecular physics are typically designated as ...

  7. Amedeo Avogadro - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro

    Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto [1] (/ ˌ æ v ə ˈ ɡ ɑː d r oʊ /, [2] also US: / ˌ ɑː v-/, [3] [4] [5] Italian: [ameˈdɛːo avoˈɡaːdro]; 9 August 1776 – 9 July 1856) was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of ...

  8. Atoms in molecules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms_in_molecules

    In quantum chemistry, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), sometimes referred to as atoms in molecules (AIM), is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function.

  9. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    A molecular orbital diagram, or MO diagram, is a qualitative descriptive tool explaining chemical bonding in molecules in terms of molecular orbital theory in general and the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method in particular.

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